[Authors: Yazhi Hu]
三国演义 (The romance of The Three Kingdoms) is a famous historical novel in China, written by Luo Guangzhong in the fourteenth century. Based on the history, this literary work describes the war between Wei, Shu and Wu from the second half of the second century to the second half of the third century.
The novel, full of exciting adventures and amazing battles, depicts nearly a thousand characters and countless historical events. Although most of them are based on real facts, they are romanticized and dramatized to varying degrees. The novel is recognized as a literary masterpiece, considered as one of the China’s four Great Classical Novels, together with 《红楼梦》 Dream of the Red Chamber; 西游记》Journey to the West;《水浒传》 Water Margin. Since its publication, it has attracted a wide and lasting impact on Chinese culture.
Looking back at this era, it was a fascinating period in Chinese history. Following the collapse of the Han Dynasty, China was split into three competing states:
1) Wei in the north, led by the powerful and resourceful Cao Cao. Vast territory, renowned for its cavalry.
2) Shu in the southwest, represented by Liu Bei, who is portrayed as a compassionate and virtuous leader. Abundant natural resources, rugged terrain which facilitate the defence
3) Wu in the southeast, ruled by Sun Quan, who sought to defend his state’s independence and sovereignty. Excellence in naval warfare, large fleet of warships and brave warriors.
The rebellion creates significant instability in China, as regional warlords are tasked with putting it down, power held by the Han becomes decentralized and new rulers, such as Cao Cao and Liu Bei, emerged. One of the most famous events in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the vow of the peach orchard, during which Liu Bei, Zhang Fei, and Guan Yu become oath brothers. They promise to be loyal to one another, support the Han, and die together. This brotherhood becomes a major component of the novel, that the author wants to emphasize.
Shortly, Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes the tyranny of Dong Zhuo; the formation of the three rival kingdoms Wei, Shu, and Wu; and, finally, the reunification of China that began with the emergence of the Jin dynasty in 265 CE and concluded with the fall of the Wu kingdom in 280 CE, when the novel ends.
The novel is notable for its complex portrayal of political strategy, loyalty, and morality. Key themes revolve around the ideas of loyalty and betrayal, as well as the delicate balance between ambition and integrity. These themes are embodied in its main characters:
– Liu Bei represents benevolence and righteousness
– Cao Cao embodies cunning and pragmatism
– Zhuge Liang, the legendary strategist of Shu, symbolizes intelligence and wisdom
– Guang Yu known for loyalty, bravery and unwavering dedication
Through these characters, the novel explores the ethics of leadership and the consequences of power struggles. Romance of the Three Kingdoms also features verse by the great poets Du Fu and Su Shi.
One of the novel’s famous opening lines, “The empire, long divided, must unite; long united, must divide. Thus it has ever been,” reflects the cyclical nature of history, a theme that resonates deeply in Chinese philosophy. This phrase captures the tension between order and chaos, unity and division, and is a reminder of the impermanence of power.
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms also incorporates elements of Confucian and Daoist philosophy, further enriching its cultural depth. Over the centuries, the novel has inspired countless adaptations, including operas, films, television series, and even video games. Its impact on Chinese art, literature, and popular culture is immeasurable, and its characters and stories continue to be referenced and celebrated.
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